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  • Spring 1999 – Vol. 1 No. 2
A black and white photo of a rocky, mountain landscape fills the background. Across the top third of the image are three smaller photos: the first is of people whitewater rafting, the second is a pile of pinecones, and the third is a woman in profile. There is text at the top of the image which says "Spring 1999, Volume 1, Number 2" and across the middle which says "The Natural Inquirer: A Research and Science Education Journal". On the bottom half of the image is a black outline of a magnifying glass.
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Spring 1999 – Vol. 1 No. 2

  • Journal
  • Middle School
  • Engineering and Forest Products
  • Insects
  • Recreation
  • Social Science
  • Wilderness
  • Economics
  • Fusiform Rust Disease
  • Genetics
  • Longitudinal Research
  • Lumber
  • Nematodes
  • Plant Diseases
  • Seminal Research
  • Study Design
  • Whitewater Rafting
  • Wildland Visitation
A black and white photo of a rocky, mountain landscape fills the background. Across the top third of the image are three smaller photos: the first is of people whitewater rafting, the second is a pile of pinecones, and the third is a woman in profile. There is text at the top of the image which says "Spring 1999, Volume 1, Number 2" and across the middle which says "The Natural Inquirer: A Research and Science Education Journal". On the bottom half of the image is a black outline of a magnifying glass.
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In the Spring 1999 edition, learn about a variety of topics from the Southern Research Station as well as types of study design. Topics include the impact of black seed rot on slash pines, the value of whitewater rafting, and the reproduction of fungi to name a few. This journal is the 2nd edition of the Natural Inquirer and also contains activities, reflection questions, and more.

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Highlights

  • 7 Articles
  • 15 Activities
  • Glossary Terms
  • Available in English and Spanish
  • Just like you and me, trees can get sick. This can happen in many different ways. One way trees become ill is through an infestation of insects or fungi. This...

    The Sick Seeds: Black Seed Rot and Slash Pines

    • Article
    • Middle School
    • 1 Classroom Period
    • Black Seed Rot
    • Fungus
    • Germination
    • Seeds
    • Slash Pine
    Just like you and me, trees can get sick. This can happen in many different ways. One way trees become ill is through an infestation of insects or fungi. This...
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)

    Part Of

    Spring 1999 - Vol. 1 No. 2

  • People have many different kinds of values. They might value their family, home, and country, as well as their favorite t-shirt or place to play. Many kinds of activities are done outside, such...

    Whitewater Rafting Measures Up! The Value of Guided Rafting on Southern Rivers

    • Article
    • Middle School
    • 1 Classroom Period
    • Recreation
    • Social Science
    • Economics
    • Rivers
    • Value
    • Whitewater Rafting
    People have many different kinds of values. They might value their family, home, and country, as well as their favorite t-shirt or place to play. Many kinds of activities are done outside, such...
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)

    Part Of

    Spring 1999 - Vol. 1 No. 2

  • Fungi are very distinct among the plant and animal kingdoms. They are neither plant nor animal. Since they do not contain chlorophyll, they cannot be considered plants. When the environment is favorable, the...

    Spores Galore! A Look into the World of Fungi & How They Reproduce

    • Article
    • Middle School
    • 1 Classroom Period
    • Asexual Reproduction
    • Fungi
    • Germination
    • Spore
    Fungi are very distinct among the plant and animal kingdoms. They are neither plant nor animal. Since they do not contain chlorophyll, they cannot be considered plants. When the environment is favorable, the...
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)

    Part Of

    Spring 1999 - Vol. 1 No. 2

  • We need trees for many important activities. Trees reduce soil erosion, reduce noise, lower temperatures, and provide habitat for animals. Trees also provide wood and paper products, such as lumber,...

    There’s a Fungus Among Us! Developing Fusiform Rust-Resistant Loblolly & Slash Pines

    • Article
    • Middle School
    • 1 Classroom Period
    • Disease Resistance
    • Fungus
    • Fusiform Rust Disease
    • Loblolly Pine
    • Seminal Research
    • Slash Pine
    We need trees for many important activities. Trees reduce soil erosion, reduce noise, lower temperatures, and provide habitat for animals. Trees also provide wood and paper products, such as lumber,...
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)

    Part Of

    Spring 1999 - Vol. 1 No. 2

  • Fusiform Rust Disease is one of the most destructive diseases to pine forests in the southeastern United States. Research on Fusiform Rust Disease has progressed over the years. There is...

    Controlling the Rust Is a Must! Detection of a Major Gene for Rust Resistance to Fusiform Rust Disease

    • Article
    • Middle School
    • 1 Classroom Period
    • Disease Resistance
    • Fusiform Rust Disease
    • Genetics
    • Loblolly Pine
    • Longitudinal Research
    Fusiform Rust Disease is one of the most destructive diseases to pine forests in the southeastern United States. Research on Fusiform Rust Disease has progressed over the years. There is...
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)

    Part Of

    Spring 1999 - Vol. 1 No. 2

  • National forests, parks, and other wildland areas are provided by state and federal governments for the use and enjoyment of all Americans. Not all people, however, use these areas for outdoor recreation. When...

    Lions and Tigers and Bears–Oh My! Understanding Wildland Visitation

    • Article
    • Middle School
    • 1 Classroom Period
    • Recreation
    • Social Science
    • Demographics
    • Outdoor Safety
    • Survey
    • Wildland Visitation
    National forests, parks, and other wildland areas are provided by state and federal governments for the use and enjoyment of all Americans. Not all people, however, use these areas for outdoor recreation. When...
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)

    Part Of

    Spring 1999 - Vol. 1 No. 2

  • Lumber is an important product from trees. When two countries export goods to one another, international policies may exist to prevent the spread of destructive organisms that live in the...

    Goodbye Nematodes! Heat-Treating Southern Pine Lumber

    • Article
    • Middle School
    • 1 Classroom Period
    • Engineering and Forest Products
    • Heat Treating
    • Lumber
    • Nematodes
    • Southern Pine
    Lumber is an important product from trees. When two countries export goods to one another, international policies may exist to prevent the spread of destructive organisms that live in the...
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)
    Explore Article Download Article (PDF)

    Part Of

    Spring 1999 - Vol. 1 No. 2

  • Test your knowledge about fungi, seed germination, and research design with this word search.

    Word Search – The Sick Seeds

    • Activity
    • Middle School
    • Less than 30 minutes
    • Fungus
    • Germination
    • Seeds
    • Vocabulary
    Test your knowledge about fungi, seed germination, and research design with this word search.
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Answer Key (PDF)
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Answer Key (PDF)

    Part Of

    The Sick Seeds: Black Seed Rot and Slash Pines

  • Test your knowledge about economics and recreation with a word search.

    Word Search – Whitewater Rafting Measures Up

    • Activity
    • Middle School
    • Less than 30 minutes
    • Recreation
    • Social Science
    • Consumer
    • River Management
    • Value
    • Vocabulary
    • Whitewater Rafting
    Test your knowledge about economics and recreation with a word search.
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Download Answer Key (PDF)
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Download Answer Key (PDF)

    Part Of

    Whitewater Rafting Measures Up! The Value of Guided Rafting on Southern Rivers

  • Test your knowledge of fungi and spores with a word search.

    Word Search – Spores Galore!

    • Activity
    • Middle School
    • Less than 30 minutes
    • Asexual Reproduction
    • Fungi
    • Spore
    • Vocabulary
    Test your knowledge of fungi and spores with a word search.
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Answer Key (PDF)
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Answer Key (PDF)

    Part Of

    Spores Galore! A Look into the World of Fungi & How They Reproduce

  • Test your knowledge about Fusiform Rust Disease and inoculation with a word search.

    Word Search – There’s a Fungus Among Us!

    • Activity
    • Middle School
    • Less than 30 minutes
    • Fungus
    • Fusiform Rust Disease
    • Inoculation
    • Vocabulary
    Test your knowledge about Fusiform Rust Disease and inoculation with a word search.
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Answer Key (PDF)
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Answer Key (PDF)

    Part Of

    There's a Fungus Among Us! Developing Fusiform Rust-Resistant Loblolly & Slash Pines

  • Test your knowledge of genetics and fungi with a word search.

    Word Search – Controlling the Rust Is a Must!

    • Activity
    • Middle School
    • Less than 30 minutes
    • Fusiform Rust Disease
    • Genetics
    • Pathogen
    • Vocabulary
    Test your knowledge of genetics and fungi with a word search.
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Answer Key (PDF)
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Answer Key (PDF)

    Part Of

    Controlling the Rust Is a Must! Detection of a Major Gene for Rust Resistance to Fusiform Rust Disease

  • Test your knowledge about outdoor recreation, wildlands, and social science with a word search.

    Word Search – Lions and Tigers and Bears–Oh My!

    • Activity
    • Middle School
    • Less than 30 minutes
    • Recreation
    • Social Science
    • Wilderness
    • Demographics
    • Survey
    • Vocabulary
    • Wildlands
    Test your knowledge about outdoor recreation, wildlands, and social science with a word search.
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Answer Key (PDF)
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Answer Key (PDF)

    Part Of

    Lions and Tigers and Bears--Oh My! Understanding Wildland Visitation

  • Test your knowledge of the lumber industry and nematodes with a word search.

    Word Search – Goodbye Nematodes

    • Activity
    • Middle School
    • Less than 30 minutes
    • Engineering and Forest Products
    • Lumber
    • Nematodes
    • Southern Pine
    • Vocabulary
    Test your knowledge of the lumber industry and nematodes with a word search.
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Answer Key (PDF)
    Explore Activity Download Word Search (PDF) Answer Key (PDF)

    Part Of

    Goodbye Nematodes! Heat-Treating Southern Pine Lumber

Glossary

View All Glossary
  • agar

    (ä gur): A jellylike substance obtained from a red alga and used especially in culture media or to give firmness to foods.

  • asexual reproduction

    (ā sek shǝ wǝl rē prǝ dǝk shǝn): Reproduction (as cell division, spore formation, fission, or budding) without union of individuals or gametes.

  • basidiospore

    (bǝ si dē ǝ spȯr): A spore produced by one of a group of fungi that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts.

  • chlorophyll

    (klȯr ǝ fil): The green coloring matter that is found chiefly in the chloroplasts of plants and is necessary for photosynthesis.

  • colonize

    (kä lǝ nīz): To multiply in or on a host or an inanimate object or surface.

  • conifer

    (kä nǝ fǝr): Any of an order of mostly evergreen trees and shrubs that have leaves resembling needles or scales, including trees and shrubs (like pines) that have true cones.

  • demographic

    (de mǝ gra fik): Of or relating to the statistical study of human populations (such as information like age and income).

  • dormant

    (dȯr mǝnt): (1) Asleep or inactive, but capable of waking or becoming active; (2) having growth or other biological activity much reduced or suspended.

  • exudation

    (ek s(y)ü dā shǝn): The process of exuding, or oozing out.

  • fungus

    (fǝŋ gǝs): (plural: fungi or funguses) Any of a kingdom of living things (such as molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, and mushrooms) that lack chlorophyll, are parasitic or live on dead or decaying organic matter, and were formerly considered plants.

  • gene

    (jēn): A part of DNA, or sometimes RNA, that is usually located on a chromosome and that contains chemical information needed to control or influence an inherited bodily trait or activity (like eye color or metabolism) or that influences or controls the activity of another gene or genes.

  • genetic code

    (jǝ net ik kōd): The chemical code that is the basis of genetic inheritance and consists of genes which specify particular kinds of amino acids used to make proteins or which start or stop the process of making proteins.

  • germination

    (jǝr mǝ nā shǝn): The process of beginning to grow, sprout, or develop.

  • hydrate

    (hī drāt): To combine with water

  • hypothesis

    (hī pä thǝ sǝs): An assumption or idea that is proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true.

  • infestation

    (in fǝ stā shǝn): The presence of organisms that spread or swarm in or over an area in a troublesome manner.

  • kiln

    (kiln): A oven, furnace, or heated enclosure used for processing a substance by burning, firing, or drying.

  • lumber

    (lǝm bǝr): Timber or logs especially when sawed and trimmed for use.

  • meaning

    (mē niŋ): Significance or value.

  • moisture content

    (mȯis chǝr kän tent): The amount of water present in a substance.

  • nematode

    (ne mǝ tōd): Any of a major group of long cylinder-shaped worms that are parasites in animals or plants or live in soil or water; also called a roundworm.

  • offspring

    (ȯf spriŋ): The young of a person, animal, or plant.

  • organic matter

    (ȯr ga nik mat ǝr): A substance that is made from living things.

  • pathogen

    (path ǝ jǝn): A germ (such as a bacterium or virus) that causes disease.

  • pollen

    (pä lǝn): The tiny particles in the anthers of a flower that fertilize the seeds and usually appear as fine yellow dust

  • quantify

    (kwän tǝ fī): To determine, express, or measure the quantity of.

  • resistance

    (ri zis tǝn(t)s): The ability to withstand the force or effect of something (like a disease).

  • rural

    (rûr әl): Of or relating to the country, country people or life, or agriculture.

  • sapwood

    (sap wu̇d): The young wood through which sap travels that is found just beneath the bark of a tree and is usually lighter in color than the heartwood.

  • scale

    (skāl): (1) Something graduated especially when used as a measure or rule: such as a series of marks or points at known intervals used to measure distances or a range of responses to a statement that vary from strongly agree to strongly disagree; (2) A distinctive relative size, extent, or degree.

  • seed orchard

    (sēd ȯr chǝrd): A place where trees are planted for the purpose of harvesting seeds.

  • specimen

    (spes (ǝ) mǝn): A part or a single thing that shows what the whole thing or group is like.

  • spore

    (spȯ(ǝ)r): A reproductive body that is produced by fungi and by some plants and microorganisms (like ferns and bacteria) and that usually consists of a single cell and is able to produce a new individual either by developing by itself or after fusion with another spore.

  • stem

    (stem): The main trunk of a plant; a plant part that supports another.

  • susceptible

    (sǝ sep tǝ bǝl): (1) Having little resistance to something, like a disease or infection; (2) easily affected.

  • technology

    (tek näl ǝ jē): The use of science in solving problems (as in industry or engineering).

  • wildland

    (wī(ǝ)l(d) land): An area in which few or no people live that is not used for farming and is more or less in its natural state.

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  • Dr. Michael Bowker standing at the beach with his daughter Rosalina.

    Michael Bowker

    Social Scientist

    One of the great joys I receive from being a scientist has been seeing both of my children pursue science degrees in college. My favorite science experience was working on...
    View Profile
  • Dr. David Dwinell sitting at a counter with a microscope.

    David Dwinell

    Plant Pathologist

    As a researcher, I can pursue my own scientific curiosity. I can have an idea and then design an experiment to test its validity. I find it highly gratifying to...
    View Profile
  • Dr. Stephen Fraedrich standing on a rocky cliffside.

    Stephen Fraedrich

    Plant Pathologist

    I greatly enjoy my work as a research scientist with the Forest Service.  As a Plant Pathologist I have been able to conduct research on disease problems that affect production...
    View Profile
  • Cassandra Johnson Gaither wears a long-sleeved blue shirt and a baseball cap and stands in front of a body of water. Mountains are visible in the distance.

    Cassandra Johnson Gaither

    Sociologist

    My most memorable research experience was conducting interviews with rural residents living near the Francis Marion National Forest in South Carolina and asking them about how urban development might change...
    View Profile
  • Dr. Kuhlman standing in front of a body of water with trees and a building in the background.

    George Kuhlman

    Plant Pathologist

    View Profile
  • Black and white image of Dr. Harry Powers standing at a podium in front of an American flag and brick building.

    Harry Powers

    Plant Pathologist

    I have always enjoyed working in the forests and fields. In taking the results of our studies on developing disease resistant pines, I get the bonus of being able to...
    View Profile
  • Dr. Spaine sitting with a dog in her lap.

    Paula Spaine

    Plant Pathologist

    View Profile

Additional Resources

  • Smithsonian: Slash Pine

    The Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory is a dynamic and growing research resource and ecological encyclopedia that documents the biodiversity of the 156-mile-long estuary system along Florida’s Atlantic coast. The Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory is a partner initiative of the Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce and the Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program. Explore their entry on slash pines (Pinus elliottii).
    Visit Website
  • Forest Service Fire Effects Information System: Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii)

    Read an index of species information about slash pines, especially their relationship to fire. The Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) is an online collection of reviews of the scientific literature about fire effects on plants and animals and about fire regimes of plant communities in the United States. FEIS reviews are based on thorough literature searches, often supplemented with insights from field scientists and managers. FEIS is produced by the Forest Service.
    Visit Website
  • USDA Forest Service: Southern Research Station

    Browse research focused on southern forests and the many products, services, and benefits they provide. Some of the Southern Research Station's research priorities include fire, water, products and markets, restoration, and forest health.
    Visit Website
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