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The Old Is New Again in Samoa and American Samoa

  • Article
  • High School
  • Middle School
  • Less than 30 minutes
  • American Samoa
  • Building
  • Construction
  • Culture
  • Fale
  • Samoa
  • Typhoons
PDF preview of 'Old is New Again' article.
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In this essay, learn about the Samoan fale, a building style that is traditional, progressive, and climate-friendly.

 

The Old Is New Again in Samoa and American Samoa

A black and white photo of buildings made of plant material
A Samoan house (fale tele) in Avao village, Matautu village district, Savai’i island, Samoa. Taken between 1890 and 1910. Museum of New Zealand photo by Thomas Andrew.

In this article, you will learn about the traditional yet progressive and climate-friendly Samoan style of building construction.

 

A traditional Samoan building is called a fale. Fale are usually round or oval shaped, with a thatched dome roof but without solid walls. Before Europeans arrived in Samoa, metal was not used in fale construction. Instead, a fale was tied together with a rope made from coconut fiber.

 

Rope braided around a pole in a diamond pattern
A woven diamond pattern made of ‘afa rope. Public domain photo.

Making this rope, called ‘afa, was a time-consuming process that required many steps and many hours. A traditional fale required between 30,000 and 50,000 feet of ‘afa. This amount of ‘afa would take someone months to make!

 

Once made, the ‘afa was used to lash wooden posts together, and the lashing patterns provided strength and beauty to the inside of a fale. The ‘afa rope is flexible, providing overall flexibility to the fale. This flexibility in building construction is an idea that helped to protect fale from a cyclone’s heavy winds.

 

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The fale’s dome roof was covered with thatch made from the leaves of native trees. Dried sugarcane leaves provided the best quality thatch. Sugarcane thatch had to be replaced about every 7 years.

 

While the traditional fale did not have walls, woven mats were used as blinds that could be rolled up or dropped down for privacy. These mats, called pola, could be quickly woven from the long sections of coconut leaves and were therefore easy to replace. Many sections of blinds were placed around the fale. The sections could be selectively rolled down or up, giving people many options for letting in breezes or to create privacy. In a cyclone, the blinds were rolled up to allow the high winds to pass through the fale. Opening the fale in this way protected the building from the potentially damaging winds.

 

A stone, coral, or lava rock foundation was covered with pebbles to create the floor. The pebble floor was covered with woven mats.

 

In a traditional village, large fale were used as meeting houses. An open grassy area in front of the fale was used for ceremonies and other village events. Smaller fale were constructed behind the meeting fale, and these served as family homes. Even smaller fale were constructed as places to prepare food. A smaller house, long in shape and called a faleo’o, may have been constructed near a family’s fale for guests or to use for resting in midday. These small houses were also constructed on the beach.

 

A small pavilion with a thatched roof and open sides on a platform near the ocean.
A faleo’o by the ocean. Courtesy photo by Sarah Kelemen.

 

While most construction today in American Samoa happens with nontraditional materials, the art of traditional fale construction is being maintained. For example, small beach faleo’o are still built, often to support tourism, but also for use by Samoans enjoying a day at the beach.

 

A thatched roof building surrounded by palm trees and a picnic table.
Samoa Visitors Bureau office in Apia, designed as a modern fale. Courtesy photo by Stephen Glauser.

 

Many types of native trees were and are used to construct a fale. One of the most important trees is the breadfruit tree. Wood from the breadfruit tree is strong and lightweight. The breadfruit tree is valued across the Pacific Islands for the many benefits it provides.

 

Recent climate change projections predict more cyclones and heavier rainfall in American Samoa. Some architects and environmentalists believe that a return to the traditional fale will help American Samoa avoid damage from more and stronger cyclones and heavier rainfall. The ancient Samoans knew how to build houses that were compatible with the islands’ climate. Do you think this ancient knowledge might be useful today? Why or why not?

The cover of the 'Pacific Islands' NI journal cover. The main image is a color photo of a green jungle.

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Pacific Islands - Vol. 1 No. 21

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  • PDF preview of 'Old is New Again' FACTivity.
    In small groups, read and discuss the provided Samoan maxims. Each student should identify a situation in their own life when one or two of these maxims applied.

    FACTivity -The Old Is New Again in Samoa and American Samoa

    • Activity
    • Middle School
    • Less than 30 minutes
    • Cultural Activity
    • Discussion
    In small groups, read and discuss the provided Samoan maxims. Each student should identify a situation in their own life when one or two of these maxims applied.
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    The Old Is New Again in Samoa and American Samoa

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Glossary

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  • architect

    (är kə tekt): A person who designs buildings and advises in their construction.

  • native

    (nā tiv): Living or growing naturally in a particular region.

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  • Education Standards
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Standards addressed in this Article:

The Common Core Standards are educational benchmarks in the United States that outline clear expectations for what students should know and be able to do in English language arts and mathematics from kindergarten through 12th grade, aiming to ensure consistency and coherence in education nationwide.
  • Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.
  • By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 6-8 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.
  • Determine a central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.
  • Analyze in detail how a key individual, event, or idea is introduced, illustrated, and elaborated in a text (e.g., through examples or anecdotes).
  • Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.
  • Analyze how a particular sentence, paragraph, chapter, or section fits into the overall structure of a text and contributes to the development of the ideas.
  • Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and explain how it is conveyed in the text.
  • Integrate information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words to develop a coherent understanding of a topic or issue.
  • Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not.
  • Cite several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.
  • By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 6-8 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.
  • Determine two or more central ideas in a text and analyze their development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of the text.
  • Analyze the interactions between individuals, events, and ideas in a text (e.g., how ideas influence individuals or events, or how individuals influence ideas or events).
  • Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze the impact of a specific word choice on meaning and tone.
  • Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to the development of the ideas.
  • Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author distinguishes his or her position from that of others.
  • Compare and contrast a text to an audio, video, or multimedia version of the text, analyzing each medium's portrayal of the subject (e.g., how the delivery of a speech affects the impact of the words).
  • Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient to support the claims.
  • Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.
  • By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction at the high end of the grades 6-8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
  • Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.
  • Analyze how a text makes connections among and distinctions between individuals, ideas, or events (e.g., through comparisons, analogies, or categories).
  • Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone, including analogies or allusions to other texts.
  • Analyze in detail the structure of a specific paragraph in a text, including the role of particular sentences in developing and refining a key concept.
  • Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author acknowledges and responds to conflicting evidence or viewpoints.
  • Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using different mediums (e.g., print or digital text, video, multimedia) to present a particular topic or idea.
  • Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; recognize when irrelevant evidence is introduced.
  • Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.
  • By the end of grade 9, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 9-10 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range. By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend literary nonfiction at the high end of the grades 9-10 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
  • Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.
  • Analyze how the author unfolds an analysis or series of ideas or events, including the order in which the points are made, how they are introduced and developed, and the connections that are drawn between them.
  • Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone (e.g., how the language of a court opinion differs from that of a newspaper).
  • Analyze in detail how an author's ideas or claims are developed and refined by particular sentences, paragraphs, or larger portions of a text (e.g., a section or chapter).
  • Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how an author uses rhetoric to advance that point of view or purpose.
  • Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different mediums (e.g., a person's life story in both print and multimedia), determining which details are emphasized in each account.
  • Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning.
Social Studies Standards are educational guidelines outlining the essential knowledge, skills, and concepts students should learn in subjects such as history, geography, civics, and economics, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of societal structures, historical events, and global perspectives.
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  • PDF preview of the Cultural Essay Lesson plan.
    This lesson plan can be paired with any of the cultural essays from the Hawai’i-Pacific Islands edition of Natural Inquirer. After a brief introduction, students will read the cultural essay...

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    • Lesson Plan
    • Middle School
    • 1 Classroom Period
    • Social Science
    • Culture
    • Human Impacts
    • Reading for Information
    This lesson plan can be paired with any of the cultural essays from the Hawai’i-Pacific Islands edition of Natural Inquirer. After a brief introduction, students will read the cultural essay...
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    Hawaii Pacific Islands - Vol. 1 No. 16

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    SPLAT! Protecting Pine Trees in the Western United States from Beetle Attack

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    Lesson Plan – The 6-W Questions

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    In this lesson plan, students will read a Natural Inquirer article and write short summary notes from each section. Students will then create “6-W Poems” that reflect their understanding of...
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    Show Me the Money: Promoting Sustainable Forests in the South

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  • Additional Resources

Additional Resources

  • The Samoan fale: UNESCO Digital Library

    Learn more about the Samoan Fale.

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