On The Fence (Time Warp Monograph Series) – Vol. 1 No. 15
The 6th monograph of the Time Warp series examines research on what barriers best protect quaking aspen from browsing ungulates. This contemporary research piece is compared with a research article on similar research in 1974.
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Highlights
- Part of the Time Warp Series
- 2 Scientists
- 5 Activities
- Glossary
- Spotlight: Black Hills Experimental Forest
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The scientists in this study are conducting research on what barriers best protect quaking aspen from browsing ungulates. This contemporary research piece is compared with a research article on similar...On the Fence: Which Barriers Protect Quaking Aspen From Ungulates?
The scientists in this study are conducting research on what barriers best protect quaking aspen from browsing ungulates. This contemporary research piece is compared with a research article on similar...
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In this FACTivity, you will become a land manager for a national forest. You will need to decide on the best barrier options to protect quaking aspen forests. Materials: Pencils...FACTivity – On the Fence
In this FACTivity, you will become a land manager for a national forest. You will need to decide on the best barrier options to protect quaking aspen forests. Materials: Pencils... -
Examine the two images of aspen bark. One is a photo and the other is a painting. Both images present the same subject. Compare and contrast these two images. What...Alternate FACTivity – On the Fence
Examine the two images of aspen bark. One is a photo and the other is a painting. Both images present the same subject. Compare and contrast these two images. What... -
Examine the provided animal tracks. What similarities and differences do you see? Fill out the graphic organizer with your observations.Activity – Making Sense of Ungulate Tracks
Examine the provided animal tracks. What similarities and differences do you see? Fill out the graphic organizer with your observations. -
A synonym is a word that has a similar meaning to another word in the same language. An antonym is a word that has an opposite meaning to another word...Synonym and Antonym Challenge – On the Fence
A synonym is a word that has a similar meaning to another word in the same language. An antonym is a word that has an opposite meaning to another word... -
Try this eyeChallenge when you finish reading “On the Fence.” Each of the following images represents something from the article. Explain what each of these images represents. You may write...eyeChallenge – On the Fence
Try this eyeChallenge when you finish reading “On the Fence.” Each of the following images represents something from the article. Explain what each of these images represents. You may write...
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In 1974, Forest Service scientist Joseph V. Basile began work on a quaking aspen and elk study alongside other scientists. Knowing that elk often eat quaking aspen, the scientist asked:...Spotlight – Time Warp for On The Fence
In 1974, Forest Service scientist Joseph V. Basile began work on a quaking aspen and elk study alongside other scientists. Knowing that elk often eat quaking aspen, the scientist asked:... -
In 1908, the Forest Service established a system of experiment forests and ranges (EFRs) to be set aside for environmental research. Black Hills Experimental Forest is 1,376 hectares in the...Spotlight – Black Hills Experimental Forest
In 1908, the Forest Service established a system of experiment forests and ranges (EFRs) to be set aside for environmental research. Black Hills Experimental Forest is 1,376 hectares in the...
Glossary
View All GlossaryClassroom Review Board
Sara Garcia Ayres and Johnny Quintana’s Classes
- Albuquerque Sign Language Academy
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Editorial Review Board Comments
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Dale Bartos
“I like being a scientist because I enjoy working with natural systems and attempting to understand how they function. I am able to communicate this information to the land managers...View Profile -
Andrew Kota
My favorite science experiences have involved my family and the outdoors. I assisted my wife several years ago with data collection in two beautiful national parks. These parks were Bryce...View Profile
Standards addressed in this Monograph:
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ESS3.C-M1
Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things.
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ETS1.A-M1
The more precisely a design task’s criteria and constraints can be defined, the more likely it is that the designed solution will be successful. Specification of constraints includes consideration of scientific principles and other relevant knowledge that is likely to limit possible solutions.
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ETS1.B-M2
There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet criteria and constraints of a problem.
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ETS1.B-M3
Sometimes parts of different solutions can be combined to create a solution that is better than any of its predecessors.
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ETS1.B-M4
Models of all kinds are important for testing solutions.
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ETS1.C-M1
Although one design may not perform the best across all tests, identifying the characteristics of the design that performed the best in each test can provide useful information for the redesign process—that is, some of the characteristics may be incorporated into the new design.
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ETS1.C-M2
The iterative process of testing the most promising solutions and modifying what is proposed on the basis of the test results leads to greater refinement and ultimately to an optimal solution.
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LS1.B-M1
Organisms reproduce, either sexually or asexually, and transfer their genetic information to their offspring.
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LS1.B-M3
Plants reproduce in a variety of ways, sometimes depending on animal behavior and specialized features for reproduction.
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LS1.B-M4
Genetic factors as well as local conditions affect the growth of the adult plant.
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LS2.A-M1
Organisms, and populations of organisms, are dependent on their environmental interactions both with other living things and with nonliving factors.
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LS2.A-M2
In any ecosystem, organisms and populations with similar requirements for food, water, oxygen, or other resources may compete with each other for limited resources, access to which consequently constrains their growth and reproduction.
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LS2.A-M3
Growth of organisms and population increases are limited by access to resources.
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LS2.A-M4
Similarly, predatory interactions may reduce the number of organisms or eliminate whole populations of organisms. Mutually beneficial interactions, in contrast, may become so interdependent that each organism requires the other for survival. Although the species involved in these competitive, predatory, and mutually beneficial interactions vary across ecosystems, the patterns of interactions of organisms with their environments, both living and nonliving, are shared.
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LS2.C-M1
Ecosystems are dynamic in nature; their characteristics can vary over time. Disruptions to any physical or biological component of an ecosystem can lead to shifts in all its populations.
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Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts.
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By the end of grade 8, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 6-8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.
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Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.
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Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks.
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Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 6-8 texts and topics.
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Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to an understanding of the topic.
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Analyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text.
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Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table).
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Distinguish among facts, reasoned judgment based on research findings, and speculation in a text.
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Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic.
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People, Places, and Environments
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Science, Technology, and Society
What Is a Natural Inquirer Monograph?
A Natural Inquirer monograph is a short publication that focuses on a single research study. Monographs are written for a middle school audience, but they can also be adapted for both high school students and advanced upper elementary students.
Monographs include:
- One article based on a published, peer-reviewed research paper; the article keeps the research paper format (see more below) but is written in language students can understand.
- A FACTivity, which is an activity to complete after reading the article. The FACTivity helps reinforce major science concepts from the article. These activities are designed to be easy to implement, with few material requirements and options for adapting them for your audience or available resources. Some monograph may have two FACTivities.
- A short “Welcome to the monograph” article about key background information and science concepts.
- A glossary of new terms from the article or the introductory materials.
- A list of related Natural Inquirer publications as well as outside references.
- Standards correlations, including Next Generation Science Standards, addressed in both the article and the FACTivity.
Monographs may also include additional essays (called spotlights), other activities (like crossword puzzles or vocabulary challenges), and more.
Reading Modes
Monographs are available in three different formats:
- Hard copies can be ordered from the website and shipped, all free of charge.
- PDF versions of the printed monograph can be downloaded free on the website. The PDF version directly replicates the content and layout of the printed version.
- The “Read Distraction Free” option allows the monograph article to open in its own window, without the rest of the website being visible. “Read Distraction Free” is available on the article version of the monograph, which can be opened under the “Articles” tab. This version allows readers to scroll to particular sections of the article using the sidebar menu on the left side of the screen. This version also has interactive Reflection Sections and Number Crunches. Students can enter their answers, submit them, and then receive the correct answers to double-check their work. Submitted answers are not saved on the website and will disappear once the window is closed.
What's in a Natural Inquirer Article?
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Meet the Scientists
This section introduces the scientists (and others) who worked on the study. In their own words, they each share a memorable science experience, a favorite research project, or something they learned during the course of their education or research.
Use this section to:
- Introduce kids to the variety of people who work in science
- Introduce kids to the variety of scientific fields and give brief descriptions of science-related jobs
- Explore ways that people interact with science every day
Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) applications:
- Science and Engineering Practices
- Crosscutting Concepts: Influence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World
Note that specific standards for this particular monograph are linked on this educator guide tab.
Other resources:
Many of the scientists and engineers featured in this section are also featured on our collector cards. Learn more about their work, how they got interested in their fields, and interesting projects they worked on. Cards can be printed as posters, too.
Thinking About Science
This section briefly describes a concept about science or scientific research. This overview can touch on topics like
- study type (longitudinal study, quantitative vs. qualitative data),
- behaviors of scientists (conducting literature reviews, collaborating with other specialists, replicating earlier studies),
- the practice of science (the scientific method, engineering design, data collection, randomization, controls and variables),
- or other aspects of science (bias, correlation vs. causation).
Use this section to:
- Reinforce steps in the scientific method and the process of science
- Encourage students to think about the practice of science and what it can and cannot tell us
- Consider the many types of scientific study and what information each type can provide
Next Generation Science Standards applications:
- Science and Engineering Practices
- Life Science Disciplinary Core Ideas (depending on topic)
- Most Crosscutting Concepts (depending on topic)
Note that specific standards for this particular monograph are linked on this educator guide tab.
Other resources:
You can use key words to search for other or related scientific topics on our website (e.g. “longitudinal study,” “bias,” or “sampling”).
Thinking About the Environment
This section provides a brief overview of a topic or concept in environmental/life science. The topic or concept is directly related to the research study that follows. Examples of topics include the carbon cycle, the water cycle, habitat fragmentation, phenology, biodiversity, and ecosystem services.
Use this section to:
- Provide important background information to help students understand the research study
- Serve as a quick reference during reading or class instruction
- Connect the research article with other activities or media on the same topic
Next Generation Science Standards applications:
- Life Science and some Earth Science Disciplinary Core Ideas (depending on topic)
- Most Crosscutting Concepts (depending on topic)
Note that specific standards for this particular monograph are linked on this educator guide tab.
Other resources:
You can use key words to search for more resources on life or earth science topics on our website (e.g. “habitat,” “carbon,” or “genetics”).
Introduction
This section begins the scientific article format. Much like the published, peer-reviewed study this article is based on, the introduction provides background information for the study – what is currently known and what remains unknown. The introduction culminates in the question(s) the study hopes to answer.
The introduction is also the first section with a Reflection Section. This section includes two or three questions to help kids reflect on what they’ve just learned in the Introduction. If they are using the online distraction-free reading mode, they can answer these questions directly on the website.
Use this section to:
- Review important background information that kids need to understand the study
- Connect the study to the concepts addressed in the Thinking About Science and Thinking About the Environment sections
- Understand research questions and hypotheses, including generating their own hypotheses given what they already know
Next Generation Science Standards applications:
- Life Science and some Earth Science Disciplinary Core Ideas (depending on topic)
- Most Crosscutting Concepts (depending on topic)
Note that specific standards for this particular monograph are linked on this educator guide tab.
Other resources:
Use one of the guided reading lesson plans to help kids follow the format of a scientific paper.
Methods
This section is the nuts and bolts of the study design – the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the research. Contained within the Methods section are usually maps of the study location or the set-up of study plots, as well as details about what data was collected and how.
The Methods section also ends with a Reflection Section – two or three questions to help students think through what they just read. These questions are interactive on the distraction-free reading mode.
Use this section to:
- Show students how experiments and studies are designed and carried out
- Explore sampling methods and randomization
- Introduce various data collection tools (e.g. camera traps, surveys, insect collection tools, weather stations, etc.)
- Explain bias and how studies are designed to remove bias
- Help students gain experience with map reading
Next Generation Science Standards applications:
- Life Science and some Earth Science Disciplinary Core Ideas (depending on topic)
- Most Crosscutting Concepts (depending on topic)
Note that specific standards for this particular monograph are linked on this educator guide tab.
Other resources:
Many Methods and Findings sections contain Number Crunches, which are simple math exercises designed to help students interact with the data from the study.
Findings
This section summarizes the data collected during the study. The Findings section usually includes data tables or graphs and highlights the significant data points from the study. This section often mentions statistical analysis or the use of computer programs to model or analyze the data, though these methods are only discussed generally.
The Findings section also ends with a Reflection Section – two or three questions to help students think through what they just read. These questions are interactive on the distraction-free reading mode.
Use this section to:
- Have students practice reading and interpreting graphs and tables
- Compare results between variables and controls
- Explain the concept of statistical significance
- Discuss how no data or negative results still provide valuable information
Next Generation Science Standards applications:
- Life Science and some Earth Science Disciplinary Core Ideas (depending on topic)
- Most Crosscutting Concepts (depending on topic)
Note that specific standards for this particular monograph are linked on this educator guide tab.
Other resources:
Search the website for “map” or “graph” to find activities where students can practice making and reading maps and graphs.
Discussion
This section concludes each monograph article. In it, we summarize the main findings of the scientists’ study. Additionally, we present the scientists’ ideas about the limitations of their study, the big-picture impacts of their research, and the scientists’ plans for future study or action.
The Discussion section ends with a Reflection Section – two or three questions to help students think through what they just read, especially general take-aways from the study. These questions are interactive on the distraction-free reading mode.
Use this section to:
- Discuss what conclusions can and cannot be drawn from the available data
- Explain the difference between correlation and causation
- Explore study limitations and opportunities for further study
- Brainstorm ways the study findings could be applied to real-world situations
Next Generation Science Standards applications:
- Life Science and some Earth Science Disciplinary Core Ideas (depending on topic)
- Most Crosscutting Concepts (depending on topic)
Note that specific standards for this particular monograph are linked on this educator guide tab.
Other resources:
Use the “Designing Your Own Study” resource page for videos of scientists discussing their own research studies. The page also includes educator resources to help students plan their own scientific studies.
Additional Resources on the Website
On the website, we pair each monograph with a variety of other resources, as well. Use the tabs on the product page to browse through the following:- Related activities, including the FACTivity for each article
- An “About” essay that gives some larger context for the research the scientists conducted or more information about the science topic from the article
- A glossary of all boldfaced terms from the article
- A “Scientists and Collaborators” page that lists the people involved in the study; click on a researcher to reach their bio page and see what other articles they might be featured in
- A “Related Content” page that lists both Natural Inquirer resources about similar topics and also outside reference materials
Article Selection and Review
Natural Inquirer partners with the USDA Forest Service, so we source research studies by Forest Service scientists that have been peer-reviewed and published in reputable journals. Some of our articles have also been created in collaboration with scientists from other Federal agencies, such as U.S. Geological Survey and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, universities, and other non-profits.
All monograph articles are reviewed by scientists who conducted the original research study to verify scientific accuracy. Monographs are also reviewed by student editorial review boards of middle or high school students before publication. Additionally, all monographs are reviewed by the Forest Service and the U.S. Department of Agriculture before publication.
Every monograph article includes a citation of its source study. Many educators pair the original research paper with our article to help more advanced students learn how to read formal research papers. The monograph article then serves as adapted primary literature, bridging the two articles.Lessons
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This lesson plan encourages students to think about a particular research topic across time, including past, present, and future. Students will compare and contrast the historical research with a more...Lesson Plan – Time Warp Monograph Series
This lesson plan encourages students to think about a particular research topic across time, including past, present, and future. Students will compare and contrast the historical research with a more... -
In this lesson plan, students will review the Reflection Section questions and learn to highlight portions of the text that help answer those questions best. This lesson plan can be...Lesson Plan – Reflection Sections
In this lesson plan, students will review the Reflection Section questions and learn to highlight portions of the text that help answer those questions best. This lesson plan can be... -
In this lesson, students will create a storyboard to graphically represent the main points from the research article they read. This lesson plan can be used with any Natural Inquirer...Lesson Plan – Storyboard
In this lesson, students will create a storyboard to graphically represent the main points from the research article they read. This lesson plan can be used with any Natural Inquirer...
Project Learning Tree
If you are a trained Project Learning Tree educator, you may use “Forest Consequences,” “400 Acre Wood,” “How Big Is Your Tree?,” or “Living With Fire” as additional resources.
